NIKKEN SEKKEI URBANISM
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BETTER URBAN SPACES THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIPJP Morgan’s Asset Management Infrastructure Investment Group predicts USD 400 bn of annual governmental spending for infrastructure projects in Asia - indicating the great potential for private involvement and participation through PPP in the near future. Let’s make sure this money is invested in a way which makes our cities more sustainable and comfortable.Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) are utilized in many parts of the world to promote urban development. Inviting private finance and expertise allows cities to find better and more cost-efficient solutions for providing public services as much as it allows them to pursue developments at a greater speed and often also scale. It is especially these ‘non-nancial benets’ of accelerated and enhanced delivery of projects and their wider social impact that make PPP an important element in the strategic development of cities.The UK, the birthplace of PPP, has since the initial developments established detailed regulatory frameworks which have been adapted throughout the world, and many successful projects have utilized the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) framework since the 1990s. In America we see that private involvement in the development and management of urban areas takes place in the form of Business Improvement Districts (BID), where property and business owners make collective contributions to the maintenance, development and promotion of their commercial district.In Japan, private involvement in city development has evolved in very unique frameworks and elds, what has been a direct response to the local challenges in Japan after more than half a decade of rapid urban growth. Most notably the implementation of PPP structures in Transit-oriented development strategies, an approach which has high potentials for application especially in Asia’s fast growing economies.Evolution of Public-Private-Partnership in JapanUp until 1999 there were very few examples of Public-Private-Partnership in Japan. This changed, however, with the announcement of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) Act in 1999, when legislation was put in place enabling private enterprises to enter the market of public services. Known at the time as the “Public-Private Cooperation Scheme for the Provision of Public Services”; PFI has been shown to be a method that appropriately distributes risk and return between the public and private sectors.PPP-like urban (re-)development in Japan became notable from about the mid-1980s, when Japan experienced a number of socio-economic challenges. Two signicant developments spurred the evolution of PPP in the Japanese context-the enactment of the Private Sector Resources Utilization Law in 1986 and introduction of the Redevelopment District Plan in 1988.Private Sector Resources Utilization LawThe objective of the Private Sector Resources Utilization Law was to promote the utilization of private enterprise resources in response to challenges such as globalization and computerization. Public subsidies and low-interest loans were provided to enable the construction of business and science parks, convention centers and passenger terminals. While these projects raised the overall attractiveness of Japan for innovation, exchange and foreign investment, these singular projects had only limited positive impact on the urban realm of existing cities.PACIFICO Yokohama (Pacic Convention Plaza Yokohama)A large-scale convention center located in the Minato Mirai 21 District of Yokohama City. Opened in 1991, it has an exhibition hall of 20,000 sqm and a 5000 seats capacity auditorium. (Tenders for expansion plans are underway in 2015 based on the PFI law.)Kyoto Research Park The organization was established in 1987 as a member of the Osaka Gas Group with the aim of supporting development of industrial research and development and venture business in Kyoto Prefecture, in 1989 the facility opened as the rst privately operated research park in Japan. The facility currently houses approximately 300 companies.The Asia and Pacic Trade CenterCompleted in 1994 as a core facility in the Cosmosquare District of Osaka Nanko. It was built for the purpose of promoting trade by providing a bonded customs area for imports to be negotiated and sold between wholesalers and traders without paying customs duty (it is no longer a bonded custom area).Realized Projects under the Private Sector Resources Utilization LawCOLUMNNIKKEN SEKKEI URBANISMCOLUMN056 _ 057

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