The Fourth Transportation RevolutionToday we are in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution and the fourth transportation revolution in human history. The first transportation revolution took place with the intro-duction of the fuel-powered motor. The second transporta-tion revolution was ushered in by electricity-powered mass production that led to the spread of gasoline-engine-powered automobiles as the popular means of transportation. The introduction of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) marked the third revolution, and the fourth transportation revolution has arrived with development of intelligent cars and infra-structure. ─The New Age of CASE technologiesThe bywords of the new technological age are Connected, Autonomous, Shared, and Electric (CASE). “Connected” stands for the linkages among a vehicle’s various sensors using ICT. By being connected, data is collected on the Cloud to generate big data; the information acquired thereby is leading to the computerization and automation of many aspects of driving a car. As self-driving or “autonomous” vehicles become possible, people may be freed from the task of driving. Car sharing and electric cars are also steadily developing fields. CASE stands for using autonomous electric vehicles for mobility services. When the operation of autonomous cars becomes entirely systemized and shared, ultimate mobility would be possible where we can simply call a shared vehicle when needed, and be driven to the destination autonomously as you would today by a cab. However, it is difficult to predict when this type of total-ly autonomous cars will begin operation. Offering mobility services to a limited geographical area would be quicker to accomplish. Perhaps the thing to do is to offer autonomous mobility services to a limited area or a limited route first. One possibility, I believe, is to direct the development of mobility services that combine autonomous cars and existing trans-portation systems to rural towns, depopulated areas, and old housing developments.─What Will Society Look Like in the CASE Era？CASE will change our concept of transportation systems. While autonomous cars are more expensive than manual-ly operated cars, they will eliminate the need for personnel costs, making hired-car services very inexpensive, in turn reducing demand for car ownership. Cars and streets may also change to facilitate performance of tasks while riding in the cars. As car sharing of autonomous vehicles increases, center-city parking lots and home parking spaces will become obsolete, altering the face of urban planning as well. Naturally, creative planning is needed to make the best use of autonomous cars, such as keeping roads from becom-ing holding areas for autonomous cars. If autonomous cars aim to solve road congestion and to make cities more com-pact, we may need to alter the way we think about the use of urban infrastructure. One example is to charge a toll for the use of all streets and roads. ［フォーラム後記｜Forum Epilogue］自動車は、私たちの暮らしを飛躍的に豊かにするとともに、建築・都市も自動車を受け入れるべく進化を遂げてきました。一方で、自動車に過度に依存する都市は、渋滞や空間利用の非効率性（広幅員道路や大規模駐車場等）といった都市問題も引き起こしました。しかし、自動運転社会では、大がかりな交通インフラが不要になるといわれており、建築・都市とモビリティの新しい関係の再構築が期待されています。 最近、海外の論文では、自動運転による利便性の向上が、新たな自動車交通を誘発し、渋滞問題を招く恐れがあると指摘しています。たしかに、海外ではUberによる交通混雑問題も指摘されており、便利さがもたらす新たな都市問題の行方を、建築・都市の専門家は冷静に見極めなくてはいけない時期になってきたといえます。 都市計画とは、人々の営みを都市にとって最適化するよう誘導する制度であったといえます。これと同じように、自動運転社会では、自動車と都市が良好な関係を再構築できるように、自動運転車を最適化する施策が求められるでしょう。そのための都市空間の再設計などの「モビリティ・デザイン」が、今後、建築・都市計画の専門家に期待されるのだと思います。 ［ファシリテーター：安藤 章］Cars have made our lives dramatically richer, and the shapes of our buildings and cities have evolved to accommodate them. On the other hand, cars have been the cause of urban issues, such as traffic congestion and inefficient use of space (wide roads and large parking lots, etc.), when cities are overly dependent on cars. In the autonomous vehicle soci-ety, large-scale transportation infrastructure will no longer be needed, and a new structuring of the rela-tionships among architecture, cities, and mobility is expected to take place. Published research has recently pointed out that the improved convenience of autonomous cars could unleash a new source of traffic that could lead to greater traffic congestion. News of the traffic con-gestion caused by Uber vehicles in other countries is beginning sparking efforts among specialists in archi-tecture and city planning to soberly assess the future urban issues caused by self-driving convenience. Urban planning is concerned with systems that guide the optimization of human activities in cities. Similarly, in the autonomous car society, policies will be needed that will optimize the functions of autonomous cars toward rebuilding a favorable relationship between cars and the city. To that end, I believe it will be up to architects and urban planners in the future to redesign urban spaces to provide designs for mobility. [Facilitator: Akira Ando]372019 WINTER41FORUM
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